This English reading copy uses grant-and-cede terminology while recording annual payment to the Sultan, his heirs or successors.
An English reading of the same territorial instrument
This version uses cession terminology where the lease translations use different language. It also preserves the named coast, annual payment and heirs or successors. Reading the provisions together identifies both the shared terms and the central difference in interpretation.
Why this record matters
Read beside the Jawi text and the lease translations, it identifies precisely where the English renderings differ.
The original and its translations
Sources & further reading
01
The 1878 grant: British English translation
Sabah State Attorney-General’s Chambers
Grant by Sultan of Sulu of Territories and Lands on the Mainland of the Island of Borneo, 22 January 1878, English translation.